Thulium
69
Tm
Gruppe
n/a
Periode
6
Blokk
f
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
69
69
100
Generelle eigenskapar
Atomnummer
69
Atommasse
168,93421
Mass Number
169
Kategori
Lantanid
Farge
Silver
Radioactive
Nei
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Krystallstruktur
Simple Hexagonal
Historie
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Elektron per energinivå
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Elektronkonfigurasjon
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Fysiske eigenskapar
Tilstandsform
Fast stoff
Tettleik
9,321 g/cm3
Smeltepunkt
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Kokepunkt
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Smeltevarme
16,8 kJ/mol
Fordampingsvarme
250 kJ/mol
Spesifikk varmekapasitet
0,16 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0,000045%
Abundance in Universe
1×10-8%
CAS Number
7440-30-4
PubChem CID Number
23961
Atom eigenskapar
Atomradius
176 pm
Kovalent radius
190 pm
Elektronegativitet
1,25 (Paulings skala)
Ioniseringspotensial
6,1843 eV
Molart volum
18,1 cm3/mol
Termisk konduktivitet
0,168 W/cm·K
Oksidasjonstrinn
2, 3
Applications
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Isotopes
Stable Isotopes
169TmUnstable Isotopes
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm