Germanium
32
Ge
Gruppe
14
Periode
4
Blokk
p
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
32
32
41
Generelle eigenskapar
Atomnummer
32
Atommasse
72,63
Mass Number
73
Kategori
Halvmetall
Farge
Grå
Radioactive
Nei
From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Krystallstruktur
Face Centered Cubic
Historie
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
Elektron per energinivå
2, 8, 18, 4
Elektronkonfigurasjon
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation
Fysiske eigenskapar
Tilstandsform
Fast stoff
Tettleik
5,323 g/cm3
Smeltepunkt
1211,4 K | 938,25 °C | 1720,85 °F
Kokepunkt
3106,15 K | 2833 °C | 5131,4 °F
Smeltevarme
31,8 kJ/mol
Fordampingsvarme
334 kJ/mol
Spesifikk varmekapasitet
0,32 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0,00014%
Abundance in Universe
0,00002%
CAS Number
7440-56-4
PubChem CID Number
6326954
Atom eigenskapar
Atomradius
122 pm
Kovalent radius
122 pm
Elektronegativitet
2,01 (Paulings skala)
Ioniseringspotensial
7,8994 eV
Molart volum
13,6 cm3/mol
Termisk konduktivitet
0,599 W/cm·K
Oksidasjonstrinn
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4
Applications
The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is not known to be toxic
Isotopes
Stable Isotopes
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74GeUnstable Isotopes
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 71Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge