Hafnium
72
Hf
Gruppe
4
Periode
6
Blokk
d
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
72
72
106
Generelle eigenskapar
Atomnummer
72
Atommasse
178,49
Mass Number
178
Kategori
Transisjonsmetall
Farge
Grå
Radioactive
Nei
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Krystallstruktur
Simple Hexagonal
Historie
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Elektron per energinivå
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Elektronkonfigurasjon
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
Fysiske eigenskapar
Tilstandsform
Fast stoff
Tettleik
13,31 g/cm3
Smeltepunkt
2506,15 K | 2233 °C | 4051,4 °F
Kokepunkt
4876,15 K | 4603 °C | 8317,4 °F
Smeltevarme
25,5 kJ/mol
Fordampingsvarme
630 kJ/mol
Spesifikk varmekapasitet
0,144 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0,00033%
Abundance in Universe
7×10-8%
CAS Number
7440-58-6
PubChem CID Number
23986
Atom eigenskapar
Atomradius
159 pm
Kovalent radius
175 pm
Elektronegativitet
1,3 (Paulings skala)
Ioniseringspotensial
6,8251 eV
Molart volum
13,6 cm3/mol
Termisk konduktivitet
0,23 W/cm·K
Oksidasjonstrinn
2, 3, 4
Applications
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
Isotopes
Stable Isotopes
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180HfUnstable Isotopes
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf